Michel Foucault (person)

(1926-1984)
Interested in systems of thought and ways of knowing. His work on psychology, punishment and sexuality are commonly referenced texts in social sciences.
Books by Foucault:

• Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity on the Age of Reason
• The Birth of the Clinic: An Archaeology of Medical Perception
• The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences
• The Archaeology of Knowledge
• The Discourse on Language
• I, Pierre Riviere, having slaughtered my mother, my sister, and brother.... A Case of Parricide in the Nineteenth Century
• Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (this is where he wrote about the Panopticon)
• Herculine Barbin, Being the Recently Discovered Memoirs of a Nineteenth-Cenury French Hermaphrodite
• The History of Sexuality, Volume 1: An Introduction
• The Use of Pleasure: Volume 2 of the History of Sexuality
• The Care of the Self: Volume 3 of the History of Sexuality
• Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1927-1977
• The Foucault Reader (edited by Paul Rabinow)

He is not the Foucault of Foucault's Pendulum. He is, however, pretty popular among academics, if you can quote or summarize him accurately, you'll have some cachet.